{"id":7603,"date":"2025-12-10T21:31:12","date_gmt":"2025-12-11T00:31:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eurolatinstudies.com\/?page_id=7603"},"modified":"2025-12-19T10:55:20","modified_gmt":"2025-12-19T13:55:20","slug":"vol-5-no-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/eurolatinstudies.com\/pt\/vol-5-no-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Vol. 5 No. 2"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Latin American Journal of European Studies<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Latin American Journal of European Studies<\/h3>
PUBLICADO: 19-12-2025<\/div>

O Latin American Journal of European Studies (ISSN 2763-8685) \u00e9 uma publica\u00e7\u00e3o do Latin American Center of European Studies, atualmente apoiada pelo projeto Jean Monnet Network Policy Debate \"BRIDGE Watch\" com financiamento do Programa Erasmus + da Comiss\u00e3o Europeia. Com foco nas linhas editoriais Direito e Pol\u00edticas da Uni\u00e3o Europeia e Rela\u00e7\u00f5es Internacionais da Uni\u00e3o Europeia com pa\u00edses terceiros e Am\u00e9rica Latina<\/em>, a d\u00e9cima edi\u00e7\u00e3o da Revista conta tamb\u00e9m com um dossi\u00ea tem\u00e1tico sobre \u201cTransforma\u00e7\u00e3o Digital e Solu\u00e7\u00f5es Inovadoras<\/em>\u201d organizado por Fab\u00edola W\u00fcst Zibetti da Universidad de Chile, (Chile). A d\u00e9cima edi\u00e7\u00e3o da Revista est\u00e1 aberta para submiss\u00f5es at\u00e9 01 de outubro de 2025.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Edi\u00e7\u00e3o completa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Editorial<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Aline Beltrame de Moura , Naiara Posenato<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Resumo<\/h4><\/section>

O Latin American Journal of European Studies (ISSN 2763-8685) \u00e9 uma publica\u00e7\u00e3o do Latin American Center of European Studies, atualmente apoiada pelo projeto Jean Monnet Network Policy Debate \"BRIDGE Watch\" com financiamento do Programa Erasmus + da Comiss\u00e3o Europeia. Com foco nas linhas editoriais Direito e Pol\u00edticas da Uni\u00e3o Europeia e Rela\u00e7\u00f5es Internacionais da Uni\u00e3o Europeia com pa\u00edses terceiros e Am\u00e9rica Latina<\/em>, a d\u00e9cima edi\u00e7\u00e3o da Revista conta tamb\u00e9m com um dossi\u00ea tem\u00e1tico sobre \u201cTransforma\u00e7\u00e3o Digital e Solu\u00e7\u00f5es Inovadoras<\/em>\u201d organizado por Fab\u00edola W\u00fcst Zibetti da Universidad de Chile, (Chile).\u00a0<\/p><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Dossier<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Autores<\/h4>

\u00a0<\/strong>Milena da Fonseca Azevedo – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8863-7327<\/p>

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Palavras-chave:<\/h4><\/section>

\u00a0 Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o Mundial do Com\u00e9rcio. Barreiras T\u00e9cnicas ao Com\u00e9rcio. Intelig\u00eancia Artificial.<\/p>

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Resumo<\/h4>

Este artigo examina o papel do Acordo sobre Barreiras T\u00e9cnicas ao Com\u00e9rcio (Acordo TBT) da Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o Mundial do Com\u00e9rcio (OMC) no enfrentamento dos desafios regulat\u00f3rios decorrentes da prolifera\u00e7\u00e3o de regula\u00e7\u00f5es sobre intelig\u00eancia artificial (IA). O objetivo \u00e9 avaliar de que forma o Acordo TBT pode facilitar a coopera\u00e7\u00e3o internacional, aprimorar a transpar\u00eancia e mitigar a fragmenta\u00e7\u00e3o regulat\u00f3ria no contexto de uma \"governan\u00e7a multin\u00edvel da IA\". A metodologia consiste em uma an\u00e1lise doutrin\u00e1ria das disposi\u00e7\u00f5es do Acordo TBT\u2014especialmente aquelas relacionadas \u00e0 transpar\u00eancia, notifica\u00e7\u00e3o e uso de normas t\u00e9cnicas internacionais\u2014complementada por estudos de caso de medidas regulat\u00f3rias recentes sobre IA, como o Regulamento de IA da Uni\u00e3o Europeia, e seu tratamento no \u00e2mbito do sistema da OMC. O artigo tamb\u00e9m se baseia em jurisprud\u00eancia da OMC e em dados emp\u00edricos sobre notifica\u00e7\u00f5es e Preocupa\u00e7\u00f5es Comerciais Espec\u00edficas (STCs) para avaliar a aplica\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00e1tica do arcabou\u00e7o do TBT a medidas relacionadas \u00e0 IA. A an\u00e1lise demonstra que os mecanismos do Acordo TBT\u2014especialmente o processo de notifica\u00e7\u00e3o e o incentivo ao uso de normas t\u00e9cnicas internacionais\u2014tornam-se cada vez mais relevantes para a regula\u00e7\u00e3o da IA. O Comit\u00ea TBT se consolidou como um f\u00f3rum \u00fanico para a discuss\u00e3o preventiva e revis\u00e3o por pares de regula\u00e7\u00f5es nacionais sobre IA, permitindo que os Membros identifiquem e abordem potenciais preocupa\u00e7\u00f5es comerciais antes que se agravem. Em conclus\u00e3o, o artigo sustenta que o Acordo TBT oferece ferramentas valiosas para aprimorar a governan\u00e7a da IA e reduzir a fragmenta\u00e7\u00e3o regulat\u00f3ria, mas tamb\u00e9m destaca a necessidade de reformas adicionais para garantir sua efetividade cont\u00ednua diante do avan\u00e7o das tecnologias digitais.<\/p><\/section><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Milena da Fonseca Azevedo<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Autores<\/h4>

Luiz Ot\u00e1vio Pimentel – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2643-566X<\/span><\/p>

Ana Paula Gomes Pinto – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7689-5304.<\/p>

Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4><\/section>

Patentes Essenciais de Padr\u00e3o; Licen\u00e7a FRAND; ODSs.<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

O artigo aborda as patentes SEP (Standard Essential Patents) e o licenciamento FRAND (Fair, Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory), quest\u00f5es fundamentais para a transforma\u00e7\u00e3o digital e inova\u00e7\u00e3o tecnol\u00f3gica contempor\u00e2nea. Apresenta uma introdu\u00e7\u00e3o aos conceitos, caracter\u00edsticas e implica\u00e7\u00f5es jur\u00eddico-econ\u00f4micas do tema. Analisa o contexto brasileiro, examinando pol\u00edticas p\u00fablicas implementadas sob a perspetiva dos Planos de A\u00e7\u00e3o da Estrat\u00e9gia Nacional de Propriedade Intelectual (ENPI), al\u00e9m de decis\u00f5es administrativas proferidas por \u00f3rg\u00e3os reguladores e decis\u00f5es judiciais nas esferas estadual e federal, incluindo casos emblem\u00e1ticos que moldaram o entendimento da mat\u00e9ria no pa\u00eds. Discute desafios centrais como a necessidade de transpar\u00eancia na declara\u00e7\u00e3o de patentes essenciais, a defini\u00e7\u00e3o de royalties justos e razo\u00e1veis, e o impacto das decis\u00f5es judiciais no ecossistema de Propriedade Intelectual. Busca o debate de solu\u00e7\u00f5es que equilibrem adequadamente os direitos dos titulares de patentes, a promo\u00e7\u00e3o da concorr\u00eancia e o acesso democr\u00e1tico \u00e0 tecnologia, alinhando-se \u00e0s poss\u00edveis contribui\u00e7\u00f5es aos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustent\u00e1vel (ODSs). Finaliza apontando discuss\u00f5es atuais e questionamentos relevantes para debates futuros na \u00e1rea.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Luiz Ot\u00e1vio Pimentel,\u00a0<\/span>Ana Paula Gomes Pinto<\/p>

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Autor<\/h4>

Fab\u00edola W\u00fcst Zibetti – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0752-0132.\u00a0<\/p>

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Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4><\/section>

Digital Economy. Essential Patents. International Trade. Services. Technical Standards. WTO.<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

Within the context of the development of the global digital economy, Services Standards Essential Patents (SSEPs) represent a growing phenomenon characterized by patents indispensable for the provision of services in accordance with internationally accepted technical standards. Unlike traditional product-oriented Standard Essential Patents (SEPs), SSEPs apply to intangible services, which implementation occurs in software environments, telecommunications networks, and digital platforms, such as data transmission, multimedia encoding, federated authentication, and cloud interoperability. Considering this scenario, this article analyzes the regulatory challenges related to SSEPs within the Multilateral Trading System, examining some implications for the development of the digital economy. Given the lack of a regime that addresses the legal challenges posed by SSEPs in the multilateral sphere and the fragmentation of some domestic regimes that address this issue, it is concluded that the legal and commercial uncertainty for cross-border providers of digital services threatens to become a significant non-tariff barrier, distorting international trade in services.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Fab\u00edola W\u00fcst Zibetti<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Autor\u00a0<\/h4>

Danilo Garcia Caceres – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7825-4022.<\/p>

Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4>

Cloud Sovereignty; Digital Autonomy; Transnational Cyber Governance.<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

This paper examines the intricate relationship between digital sovereignty, cloud computing, and international law, emphasizing how states seek to maintain autonomy and regulatory control in a globally interconnected digital environment. Digital sovereignty is conceptualized as encompassing legal authority, technological independence, and strategic governance over data and infrastructure. Within this framework, cloud computing emerges as both an essential driver of digital transformation and a vector of vulnerability, as reliance on global Cloud Service Providers (CSPs) redistributes jurisdictional and operational control. The study analyzes the shared responsibility model governing cloud security, highlighting the differentiated accountability between providers and users under IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS architectures. It explores how hybrid and multi-cloud environments heighten exposure to cyber risks, including cybercrime, espionage, and hacktivism, while challenging traditional notions of attribution and liability. Particular attention is given to the dual use nature of cloud infrastructure, as commercial services are increasingly exploited for offensive cyber operations, data exfiltration, and command and control activities by both non-state and state-sponsored actors. These practices complicate the application of international legal principles of sovereignty, due diligence, and state responsibility. Finally, the paper situates these dynamics within the broader debate on cloud sovereignty, contrasting the extraterritorial reach of instruments such as the U.S. CLOUD Act with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of the European Union. It argues that achieving a balance between transnational data flows and sovereign control requires robust international norms that reconcile technological interdependence with legal accountability in the digital age.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Danilo Garcia Caceres<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Autor\u00a0<\/h4>

Keren Susana Herrera Ciro – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4100-9816.<\/p>

Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4><\/section>

Cooperation; Integration; Digitalisation.<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

This study aims to define the approach to be taken to Strategic Digital Cooperation between the European Union (EU) and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), addressing opportunities for digital integration, technology transfer, sustainable innovation and joint policy-making, through a review of the regulatory framework for the digital sphere and the European Digital Decade programme developed in the EU. It also examines the background to relations between the EU and Latin America and the Caribbean, how subregional integration processes have addressed digital transformation in LAC, and the differences and similarities between the two regions, analysing the importance, necessity and benefits of achieving Strategic Digital Cooperation between the EU and LAC. Such cooperation should lead to the creation and implementation of a Digital Integration Agenda for Latin America and the Caribbean, promoted, led and driven by the EU as a solid integration process that seeks global leadership in digital matters and strengthens the ties of cooperation between the two regions.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Keren Susana Herrera Ciro<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Autores\u00a0<\/h4>

\u00c1lvaro Sampaio Corr\u00eaa Neto – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2695-9256.<\/p>

Cristina Mendes Bertoncini Corr\u00eaa – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3795-682X.<\/p>

Desirr\u00e9 Dornelles de \u00c1vila Bollmann – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6480-7836.<\/p>

Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4><\/section>

Intelig\u00eancia Artificial Generativa; Direitos Fundamentais; AI Act; PL 2.338\/2023;<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

A Intelig\u00eancia Artificial - IA e especialmente a IA Gen \u00e9 considerada uma tecnologia revolucion\u00e1ria e disruptiva e, como tal, tem voca\u00e7\u00e3o para substituir outras tecnologias em alta velocidade, representando sua r\u00e1pida instala\u00e7\u00e3o na realidade social um desafio \u00e0 capacidade regulat\u00f3ria dos blocos econ\u00f4micos e dos Estados. Ao mesmo tempo em que amplia a capacidade humana de produzir conhecimento, automatizar tarefas e criar novos conte\u00fados em escala in\u00e9dita, sua utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o levanta riscos macroestruturais relacionados \u00e0 direitos fundamentais, \u00e0 democracia, ao mundo do trabalho e ao meio ambiente. O presente artigo realiza an\u00e1lise entre o Regulamento Europeu de Intelig\u00eancia Artificial (AI Act \u2013 Regulamento (UE) 2024\/1689) e o Projeto de Lei brasileiro n\u00ba 2.338\/2023, buscando identificar mecanismos de enfrentamento dos riscos associados \u00e0 IA e avaliar sua sufici\u00eancia na prote\u00e7\u00e3o de direitos fundamentais. Partindo da no\u00e7\u00e3o de sociedade de risco formulada por Ulrich Beck, examina-se a diferen\u00e7a entre a IA Preditiva (Especializada) e a IA Generativa, para ap\u00f3s verificar os riscos aos direitos fundamentais derivados dessas tecnologias. Constatou-se, ap\u00f3s, significativa converg\u00eancia entre os modelos regulat\u00f3rios europeu e brasileiro, ambos estruturados na regula\u00e7\u00e3o proporcional por risco e na centralidade da tutela de direitos fundamentais. Todavia, identificaram-se lacunas relevantes, destacando-se, no caso europeu, desafios quanto \u00e0 regula\u00e7\u00e3o de sistemas de prop\u00f3sito geral e \u00e0 implementa\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00e1tica da fiscaliza\u00e7\u00e3o e no caso brasileiro, indefini\u00e7\u00e3o da autoridade competente, insufici\u00eancia dos padr\u00f5es t\u00e9cnicos de explica\u00e7\u00e3o e na dosimetria sancionat\u00f3ria. Conclui-se que, embora possuam consist\u00eancia no plano normativo, os regimes europeu e brasileiro dependem de regulamenta\u00e7\u00e3o adicional, capacidade institucional para operacionaliza\u00e7\u00e3o e pr\u00e1ticas de autoridades independentes para assegurar a efetividade e justiciabilidade imediata dos direitos fundamentais frente aos riscos da intelig\u00eancia artificial.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u00c1lvaro Sampaio Corr\u00eaa Neto,\u00a0Cristina Mendes Bertoncini Corr\u00eaa,\u00a0Desirr\u00e9 Dornelles de \u00c1vila Bollmann<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Autor\u00a0<\/h4>

Vict\u00f3ria Fernandes de Moraes – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6093-1330.<\/p>

Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4><\/section>

Direitos fundamentais; Intelig\u00eancia Artificial; Uni\u00e3o Europeia.<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

Em 1\u00ba de agosto de 2024 entrou em vigor o Regulamento (UE) 2024\/1689 do Parlamento Europeu e do Conselho, que estabelece regras harmonizadas sobre intelig\u00eancia artificial, o denominado Regulamento de Intelig\u00eancia Artificial (AI Act). Embora sua plena aplica\u00e7\u00e3o esteja prevista para os pr\u00f3ximos anos, o AI Act j\u00e1 se consolida como um marco normativo global. Estruturado a partir de uma abordagem baseada em riscos, o regulamento busca assegurar a seguran\u00e7a, a transpar\u00eancia e o respeito aos direitos fundamentais. Por meio de revis\u00e3o bibliogr\u00e1fica e documental, este trabalho analisa as obriga\u00e7\u00f5es impostas aos sistemas de risco elevado pelo AI Act, avaliando se os mecanismos de conformidade e fiscaliza\u00e7\u00e3o previstos s\u00e3o suficientes para garantir a prote\u00e7\u00e3o dos direitos fundamentais das pessoas potencialmente afetadas por seu uso. Parte-se da hip\u00f3tese de que a efetividade desses instrumentos ainda \u00e9 incerta no que se refere \u00e0 garantia da prote\u00e7\u00e3o dos direitos fundamentais, sobretudo em raz\u00e3o da elevada complexidade t\u00e9cnica dos sistemas de intelig\u00eancia artificial, das assimetrias entre grandes corpora\u00e7\u00f5es e pequenos desenvolvedores e da r\u00e1pida evolu\u00e7\u00e3o tecnol\u00f3gica, que imp\u00f5e desafios constantes \u00e0 atualiza\u00e7\u00e3o e \u00e0 adequa\u00e7\u00e3o das normas vigentes. Diante da complexidade e da dinamicidade dos riscos envolvidos, conclui-se que a efetividade da prote\u00e7\u00e3o dos direitos fundamentais depender\u00e1 da ado\u00e7\u00e3o de instrumentos complementares e de revis\u00f5es peri\u00f3dicas que assegurem respostas normativas mais \u00e1geis e substanciais, capazes de evitar a obsolesc\u00eancia do AI Act frente \u00e0s constantes transforma\u00e7\u00f5es tecnol\u00f3gicas.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Vict\u00f3ria Fernandes de Moraes<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Autor\u00a0<\/h4>

Ren\u00e9 Palacios Garita – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7658-0441.<\/p>

Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4><\/section>

Explainable Artificial Intelligence. Disinformation. Risks. Chatbots. Machine learning.<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

The paper analyses the challenges of explainability of artificial intelligence, particularly in chatbots, focusing on the risks of misinformation, polarization and algorithmic discrimination. The evolution of chatbots is explored, from rule-based systems to advanced language models such as A.L.I.C.E.\u00ae, Replika\u00ae, ChatGPT\u00ae, Bard\u00ae and DeepSeek\u00ae. Furthermore, Explained Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is proposed as a solution to mitigate these risks through explainability of AI systems. Finally, the application of XAI principles in different chatbots is evaluated, identifying their strengths and weaknesses in terms of explainability, interpretability, and ethics. The paper concludes by highlighting the importance of XAI for responsible and ethical use of AI.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Ren\u00e9 Palacios Garita<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Autor\u00a0<\/h4>

Eduardo Kanahuati Fares – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2838-6538.<\/p>

Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4><\/section>

Convention 108; right to informational self-determination; right to personal data protection.<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

The objective of the article is to analyze from a universal and regional approach of the European system, with a deductive methodology, the evolution of the recognition of the right to privacy, the right to informational self-determination and the protection of personal data, as well as the transnational efforts of the Council of Europe to replicate this vision as fundamental rights in other latitudes, particularly in the Inter-American system. This approach contrasts with the American perspective, which limits these rights to consumer rights. This paper examines the implications of the Council of Europe’s Convention 108 for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data. The document emphasizes the importance of international coordination as a fundamental value to address the challenges posed by violations of human rights in the digital environment. This consideration includes the jurisprudential dialogues and how the normative development within the European continent has been received and recognized by other regional systems, particularly the Inter-American system. In sum, it is concluded that the concept of these rights as fundamental is based on European considerations. These considerations aim to provide global protection to individuals in an interconnected world. This is contrary to other approaches that aim to limit protection to the context of commodification.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Eduardo Kanahuati Fares<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Autor\u00a0<\/h4>

Luis Cl\u00f3vis Machado da Rocha Junior – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9822-1498<\/p>

Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4><\/section>

Constitucionalismo; Sustentabilidade; Gera\u00e7\u00f5es Futuras<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

O presente artigo analisa a prote\u00e7\u00e3o das gera\u00e7\u00f5es futuras no contexto do constitucionalismo digital, com \u00eanfase na sustentabilidade e na responsabilidade intergeracional. A partir das decis\u00f5es paradigm\u00e1ticas do Tribunal Constitucional Alem\u00e3o (Neubauer v. Germany<\/em>, 2021) e da CIDH (Opini\u00e3o Consultiva OC-32\/2025<\/em>, 2021), demonstra-se como a justi\u00e7a intergeracional passou a integrar a estrutura dos direitos fundamentais. O estudo parte das bases filos\u00f3ficas, articulando-as \u00e0 metanorma da sustentabilidade e \u00e0 emerg\u00eancia do constitucionalismo digital, que amplia a tutela dos direitos humanos para o ambiente informacional, como eixo hermen\u00eautico de interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o constitucional, evidenciando que a preserva\u00e7\u00e3o do futuro \u00e9 uma condi\u00e7\u00e3o da pr\u00f3pria perman\u00eancia da Constitui\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Luis Cl\u00f3vis Machado da Rocha Junior<\/p>

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Autor\u00a0<\/h4>

Claudia Marchetti da Silva – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4697-6530.<\/p>

Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4><\/section>

Automa\u00e7\u00e3o inteligente; justi\u00e7a intergeracional; seguran\u00e7a social.<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

O artigo desenvolve uma an\u00e1lise cr\u00edtica e propositiva sobre o impacto da automa\u00e7\u00e3o inteligente no que tange ao pacto intergeracional que sustenta os sistemas de seguran\u00e7a social, com \u00eanfase em sua capacidade de gerar desigualdades estruturais. Parte-se do reconhecimento de que os sistemas de intelig\u00eancia artificial, ao dependerem da apropria\u00e7\u00e3o das habilidades e do conhecimento t\u00e9cnico-cient\u00edfico humanos, contribuem para a desvaloriza\u00e7\u00e3o do trabalho vivo, a precariza\u00e7\u00e3o do emprego, a obsolesc\u00eancia de profiss\u00f5es e a concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de riqueza nas m\u00e3os de agentes privados. Ao substituir o trabalho humano sem mecanismos fiscais compensat\u00f3rios adequados, a automa\u00e7\u00e3o inteligente compromete a base contributiva dos regimes previdenciais e amea\u00e7a a solidariedade entre gera\u00e7\u00f5es, especialmente em contextos onde empresas exploram lacunas fiscais e regulat\u00f3rias. O artigo defende a necessidade de repensar o modelo de financiamento da seguran\u00e7a social, propondo a cria\u00e7\u00e3o de instrumentos fiscais espec\u00edficos que redistribuam os benef\u00edcios do progresso tecnol\u00f3gico e assegurem justi\u00e7a intergeracional. O m\u00e9todo adotado \u00e9 o jur\u00eddico-propositivo, com abordagem qualitativa e car\u00e1ter te\u00f3rico-aplicado. A pesquisa parte da interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o de normas, princ\u00edpios e institutos jur\u00eddicos para, a partir de uma an\u00e1lise cr\u00edtica dos impactos socioecon\u00f4micos da automa\u00e7\u00e3o inteligente, formular as bases de uma proposta normativa voltada \u00e0 institui\u00e7\u00e3o de uma contribui\u00e7\u00e3o social incidente sobre atividades automatizadas.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Claudia Marchetti da Silva<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Autores\u00a0<\/h4>

Danielle de Ouro Mamed – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7671-2499.<\/p>

Cec\u00edlio Arnaldo Rivas Ayala – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8828-4180.<\/p>

Noelia Bernadett Ozuna Gonz\u00e1lez – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0242-943.<\/p>

Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4><\/section>

Socio-environmental law; cryptomining; socio-environmental impacts; ecological footprint; Paraguay.<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

The advent of cryptocurrencies has inaugurated an era of financial innovation worldwide, but it has also brought with it complex challenges. In Paraguay, with its vast hydroelectric power generation capacity, cryptomining presents itself as an attractive economic opportunity. However, this activity has consequences that deserve a critical analysis from the perspective of environmental law and sustainable development. This article delves into the growing problem of cryptomining in Paraguayan territory from the perspective of sustainability and environmental justice. The main objective is to examine the duality of cryptomining: the promise of development versus the threat of excessive and socio-environmentally predatory energy exploitation. Specific objectives include: a) the environmental impact of cryptomining as an ethical-legal problem; b) the territorial and socio-environmental inequalities involved; and c) the study of the country’s current regulatory framework (or its absence), which has allowed the proliferation of mining “farms”. The applied methodology is the inductive method, starting from the specific situation to analyze it in the general context of the legal field, using bibliographic and documentary study. The work underscores the urgency of a robust state response that prioritizes energy sovereignty and environmental protection over a model that benefits a few at the expense of natural heritage.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Danielle de Ouro Mamed,\u00a0Cec\u00edlio Arnaldo Rivas Ayala, Noelia Bernadett Ozuna Gonz\u00e1lez\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Autor\u00a0<\/h4>

Claudio Eduardo Regis de Figueiredo e Silva – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6550-7548<\/p>

Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4><\/section>

Judiciary; digital transformation; artificial intelligence; ethical use.<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

With a backlog of approximately 100 million cases, in recent decades the Brazilian Judiciary has made a concerted effort to digitize its whole collection of cases and make them available to users on online platforms. As a result, it is now possible to work in a fully digital way, including the adoption of artificial intelligence solutions. The implementation of such solutions has not been free from criticism, but the National Council of Justice has regulated and overseen their use through Resolution 615, dated March 11, 2025, which aims to ensure transparency, publicity, and an ethical, human-centered approach. The results are already beginning to be seen, and with that comes the possibility of a swift and efficient judicial service that ensures the realization of human rights.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Claudio Eduardo Regis de Figueiredo e Silva<\/p>

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Autores\u00a0<\/h4>

Maykon Marcos J\u00fanior -https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5432-8995.
Guilherme de Brito Santos – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8748-4814.
Jo\u00e3o Gabriel Mohr – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5300-7940.
Andressa Silveira Viana Maurmann – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7948-6708.
Lu\u00edsa Bollmann – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7285-7905.
Arthur Machado Capaverde – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0544-9934.
Cristian Alexandre Alchini – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2510-7338.
Maite Fortes Vieira – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4229-5483.
Lucas de Castro Rodrigues Pereira – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1510-3021.
Isabela Cristina Sabo – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4246-3997.
Aires Jos\u00e9 Rover – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1070-5357.<\/p>

Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4><\/section>

Resolu\u00e7\u00e3o Online de Disputas; Intelig\u00eancia Artificial Explic\u00e1vel; Modelos Preditivos.<\/p>

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Resumo<\/h4>

O artigo apresenta os resultados do Projeto Concil-IA, iniciativa interdisciplinar da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) em parceria com o Juizado Especial C\u00edvel da institui\u00e7\u00e3o, voltada ao desenvolvimento de uma plataforma de Resolu\u00e7\u00e3o Online de Disputas (ODR) baseada em Intelig\u00eancia Artificial (IA) para conflitos consumeristas. A pesquisa consolidou suas contribui\u00e7\u00f5es em tr\u00eas frentes principais: modelagem preditiva, explicabilidade e valida\u00e7\u00e3o da interface digital. Na modelagem preditiva, foi desenvolvido um modelo de regress\u00e3o a partir de 1.851 senten\u00e7as anonimizadas relativas a lit\u00edgios de transporte a\u00e9reo. Testaram-se diferentes t\u00e9cnicas de Aprendizado de M\u00e1quina (Decision Tree, Random Forest e AdaBoost), sendo selecionado o Decision Tree Regressor por equilibrar desempenho, interpretabilidade e efici\u00eancia computacional. O modelo obteve resultados satisfat\u00f3rios, com erro m\u00e9dio absoluto de aproximadamente R$ 1.672 e raiz do erro quadr\u00e1tico m\u00e9dio de R$ 2.286, confirmando sua adequa\u00e7\u00e3o para cen\u00e1rios reais de concilia\u00e7\u00e3o. Na frente da explicabilidade, aplicaram-se m\u00e9todos de Intelig\u00eancia Artificial Explic\u00e1vel (XAI) por meio do SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations). Esse recurso possibilitou a interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o global do modelo e explica\u00e7\u00f5es locais em casos espec\u00edficos, destacando como fatores mais relevantes para o arbitramento de indeniza\u00e7\u00f5es o atraso ou cancelamento de voo e a aus\u00eancia de assist\u00eancia pela companhia a\u00e9rea. Por fim, o modelo foi incorporado a uma plataforma web responsiva (concilia.ufsc.br\/app.concilia.ufsc.br), desenvolvida em WordPress e validada junto a conciliadores e servidores do JEC\/UFSC. Os testes de usabilidade, realizados por meio de question\u00e1rios, indicaram altos \u00edndices de aceita\u00e7\u00e3o, com m\u00e9dias entre 4,8 e 5,0 em crit\u00e9rios de clareza, organiza\u00e7\u00e3o, conforto e efic\u00e1cia. Os resultados confirmam a viabilidade t\u00e9cnica e a relev\u00e2ncia institucional do Concil-IA como uma inova\u00e7\u00e3o digital para a resolu\u00e7\u00e3o de conflitos, em particular a concilia\u00e7\u00e3o judicial. Futuras etapas incluem a amplia\u00e7\u00e3o da base de dados, a expans\u00e3o para outros ramos do Direito e a integra\u00e7\u00e3o com pol\u00edticas nacionais de Justi\u00e7a digital.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Maykon Marcos J\u00fanior,\u00a0Guilherme de Brito Santos,\u00a0Jo\u00e3o Gabriel Mohr,\u00a0Andressa Silveira Viana Maurmann,\u00a0Lu\u00edsa Bollmann,\u00a0Arthur Machado Capaverde,\u00a0Cristian Alexandre Alchini,\u00a0Maite Fortes Vieira,\u00a0Lucas de Castro Rodrigues Pereira,\u00a0Isabela Cristina Sabo,\u00a0Aires Jos\u00e9 Rover<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Autores\u00a0<\/h4>

Elaine Sant\u2019Anna de Carvalho – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7114-5930.
Geanne Gschwendtner de Lima – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2182-5901.
Thain\u00e1 Schroeder Ribeiro – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4950-0786.<\/p>

Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4><\/section>

Contratos Eletr\u00f4nicos; Validade dos Neg\u00f3cios Jur\u00eddicos; WhatsApp.<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

Em um cen\u00e1rio de avan\u00e7os tecnol\u00f3gicos, as plataformas eletr\u00f4nicas, com destaque para o WhatsApp, tornaram-se ferramentas de comunica\u00e7\u00e3o e transa\u00e7\u00e3o de grande relev\u00e2ncia, contando com 2,95 bilh\u00f5es de usu\u00e1rios globais e 98% de ado\u00e7\u00e3o no Brasil, onde 79% o utilizam para intera\u00e7\u00f5es comerciais. O WhatsApp \u00e9 enquadrado como \"Social Commerce\", devido \u00e0 sua integra\u00e7\u00e3o entre intera\u00e7\u00e3o social e transa\u00e7\u00e3o comercial, com recursos como links de pagamento e cat\u00e1logos digitais. O presente trabalho analisa a validade dos neg\u00f3cios jur\u00eddicos realizados via WhatsApp, explorando a aus\u00eancia de assinatura f\u00edsica nas concord\u00e2ncias condicionais. Assim, busca compreender a validade desses acordos diante da lacuna de legisla\u00e7\u00e3o espec\u00edfica, propondo alternativas para fortalecer a seguran\u00e7a jur\u00eddica nas transa\u00e7\u00f5es digitais. A hip\u00f3tese central \u00e9 que, apesar da informalidade, os contratos s\u00e3o v\u00e1lidos, mas ressalta a necessidade urgente de regulamenta\u00e7\u00e3o e aprimoramentos para o aplicativo e as pr\u00e1ticas seguras. Objetiva-se compreender a validade desses acordos diante da falta de legisla\u00e7\u00e3o espec\u00edfica, propondo alternativas aplic\u00e1veis a esses neg\u00f3cios de modo a fortalecer a seguran\u00e7a jur\u00eddica nas transa\u00e7\u00f5es digitais tais como os modelos europeus. A pesquisa, em suas considera\u00e7\u00f5es finais, mensura que a efic\u00e1cia dos acordos via WhatsApp \u00e9 reconhecida, mesmo na aus\u00eancia de legisla\u00e7\u00e3o espec\u00edfica, exigindo adapta\u00e7\u00f5es do Direito \u00e0s inova\u00e7\u00f5es tecnol\u00f3gicas e uma interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o flex\u00edvel aliada \u00e0s inova\u00e7\u00f5es legislativas no \u00e2mbito internacional.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Elaine Sant\u2019Anna de Carvalho
Geanne Gschwendtner de Lima
Thain\u00e1 Schroeder Ribeiro<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Artigos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Autor\u00a0<\/h4>

Manuel Becerra Ram\u00edrez – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3957-9446.<\/p>

Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4><\/section>

Human rights, non-compliance with the judgments of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights; reform of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

In this paper, we analyze what we consider to be weaknesses of the Inter-American system to reflect on the changes that could strengthen it. As part of these weaknesses, we refer to its membership, which has been declining over time, and to the lack of compliance with its jurisprudential decisions. In the interest of defending human rights, we must reflect on the changes or improvements necessary to achieve effective compliance with the obligations assumed by the members of the current Interamerican system of human rights. As a point of reference, we mention some aspects of the European Court of Human Rights.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Manuel Becerra Ram\u00edrez<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Autores\u00a0<\/h4>

Carol Jazm\u00edn Orbegoso Moreno – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1258-240X.
Patricia Cristina Vega Pacheco – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2358-6863.
Jose Rodrigo Alva Gasta\u00f1adui – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9831-7764.<\/p>

Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4><\/section>

EU Sanctions, Human Rights, IAHRS, Effectiveness.<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

This paper analyzes the European Union’s Global Human Rights Sanctions Regime (EU GHRSR), an instrument designed to respond to gross violations of rights worldwide. The main objective is to assess the effectiveness of the EU GHRSR in the Latin American context, especially when compared to the mechanisms of the Inter-American Human Rights System (IAHRS). A qualitative methodology is employed, primarily based on the documentary analysis of regulations and official sources, as well as the review of relevant academic literature and the study of specific cases. The main findings indicate that the effectiveness of the EU GHRSR is nuanced. While it offers a pathway for accountability, it faces significant challenges for its effective application in Latin America. The central conclusion is that the EU GHRSR constitutes an important tool in the EU’s arsenal for human rights\u2019 effectiveness, but its impact and legitimacy, particularly in Latin America, require improvements in its coherence, transparency, and, crucially, in its strategic articulation with regional systems like the IAHRS to foster more robust and coordinated protection.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Carol Jazm\u00edn Orbegoso Moreno,\u00a0Patricia Cristina Vega Pacheco, Jose Rodrigo Alva Gasta\u00f1adui<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Autor\u00a0<\/h4>

Nuria Puentes Ruiz – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0154-3998.<\/p>

Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4><\/section>

Rule of Law, European Union, Latin America and Caribbean; International Development Cooperation.<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

The European Union initialled the Neighbourhood, Development Cooperation and International Cooperation Instrument, in Regulation 2021\/947, as a tool to increase the ecumenical positioning of the organisation. To this end, the promotion of European values in third countries, such as those in the Latin American and Caribbean region, was envisaged. In this research, and following the guidelines set out in the aforementioned Regulation, the aim is to analyse the concept of the rule of law applicable to relations between the European Union and Latin America and the Caribbean. To this end, it will focus mainly on the convulsive times experienced in both regions, given that they may have been a cause of the decrease in the Rule of Law index which, according to the public perception, the States suffer from, and which are beginning to be reflected in the global reports of associations and entities of the third social sector. Likewise, in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals, as a universal measure of progress in the sustainable resilience of States, goal number 16 on \u2018peace, justice and strong institutions\u2019 will be studied, looking at its application in its interconnection with the Instrument in the Latin American and Caribbean region. This will allow us to reach conclusions regarding the suitability of the European Union’s Democracy and Rule of Law Instrument as a form of its international development cooperation with regionalisation in Latin America and the possibility of using the rule of law as a unifying element between the two regions.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Nuria Puentes Ruiz<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Latin American Journal of European Studies Vol. 5 No. 2 (2025): Latin American Journal of European Studies PUBLISHED: 2025-19-12 The Latin American Journal of European Studies (ISSN 2763-8685) is a publication of the Latin American Center of European Studies, currently supported by the Jean Monnet Network Policy Debate “BRIDGE Watch” […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":607,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7603","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"post_mailing_queue_ids":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eurolatinstudies.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7603","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eurolatinstudies.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eurolatinstudies.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eurolatinstudies.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/607"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eurolatinstudies.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7603"}],"version-history":[{"count":245,"href":"https:\/\/eurolatinstudies.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7603\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9789,"href":"https:\/\/eurolatinstudies.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7603\/revisions\/9789"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eurolatinstudies.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7603"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}