{"id":40977,"date":"2026-07-07T14:09:43","date_gmt":"2026-07-07T17:09:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eurolatinstudies.com\/?page_id=40977"},"modified":"2026-07-09T12:06:23","modified_gmt":"2026-07-09T15:06:23","slug":"vol-6-no-1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/eurolatinstudies.com\/pt\/vol-6-no-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Vol. 6 No. 1"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Latin American Journal of European Studies<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Latin American Journal of European Studies<\/h3>
PUBLICADO: 07-07-2026<\/div>

O Latin American Journal of European Studies (ISSN 2763-8685) \u00e9 uma publica\u00e7\u00e3o do Latin American Center of European Studies, atualmente apoiada pelo projeto Jean Monnet Network Policy Debate \"BRIDGE Watch\" com financiamento do Programa Erasmus + da Comiss\u00e3o Europeia. Com foco nas linhas editoriais Direito e Pol\u00edticas da Uni\u00e3o Europeia e Rela\u00e7\u00f5es Internacionais da Uni\u00e3o Europeia com pa\u00edses terceiros e Am\u00e9rica Latina<\/em>, a d\u00e9cima primeira edi\u00e7\u00e3o da Revista conta tamb\u00e9m com um dossi\u00ea tem\u00e1tico sobre \u201cCom\u00e9rcio livre e justo para economias inclusivas\u201d <\/em>organizado por Nuno Cunha Rodrigues da Universidade de Lisboa, (Portugal). A d\u00e9cima primeira edi\u00e7\u00e3o da Revista est\u00e1 aberta para submiss\u00f5es at\u00e9 01 de maio de 2026.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Edi\u00e7\u00e3o completa<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Editorial<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Aline Beltrame de Moura , Naiara Posenato<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Resumo<\/h4><\/section>

O Latin American Journal of European Studies (ISSN 2763-8685) \u00e9 uma publica\u00e7\u00e3o do Latin American Center of European Studies, atualmente apoiada pelo projeto Jean Monnet Network Policy Debate \"BRIDGE Watch\" com financiamento do Programa Erasmus + da Comiss\u00e3o Europeia. Com foco nas linhas editoriais Direito e Pol\u00edticas da Uni\u00e3o Europeia e Rela\u00e7\u00f5es Internacionais da Uni\u00e3o Europeia com pa\u00edses terceiros e Am\u00e9rica Latina<\/em>, a d\u00e9cima primeira edi\u00e7\u00e3o da Revista conta tamb\u00e9m com um dossi\u00ea tem\u00e1tico sobre \u201cCom\u00e9rcio livre e justo para economias inclusivas\u201d <\/em>organizado por Nuno Cunha Rodrigues da Universidade de Lisboa, (Portugal).\u00a0<\/p><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Dossier<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Autores<\/h4>

Antonio Lopo Martinez – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9624-7646<\/p>

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Palavras-chave:<\/h4><\/section>

Mecanismo de ajuste de fronteira de carbono; equidade procedimental e tratamento justo; governan\u00e7a comercial UE\u2013Am\u00e9rica Latina<\/p>

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Resumo<\/h4>

As medidas de fronteira de carbono\u2014especialmente os regimes de ajuste baseados em emiss\u00f5es\u2014funcionam, na pr\u00e1tica, como instrumentos h\u00edbridos: embora justificadas como pol\u00edtica clim\u00e1tica, imp\u00f5em deveres de conformidade, avalia\u00e7\u00f5es, responsabilidades monet\u00e1rias, penalidades e processos de revis\u00e3o que se assemelham \u00e0 administra\u00e7\u00e3o fiscal e aduaneira. Esse desenho h\u00edbrido coloca desafios de governan\u00e7a e legitimidade para as agendas de \u201ccom\u00e9rcio justo e livre\u201d: procedimentos opacos, discricion\u00e1rios ou excessivamente onerosos podem excluir exportadores de menor porte, aprofundar assimetrias Norte\u2013Sul e aumentar a probabilidade de lit\u00edgios em foros comerciais e de investimento. Este artigo desenvolve um quadro conceitual de tratamento justo para medidas de fronteira de carbono, com foco na equidade procedimental e na preven\u00e7\u00e3o de lit\u00edgios, com especial aten\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0s rela\u00e7\u00f5es comerciais UE\u2013Am\u00e9rica Latina. O artigo oferece tr\u00eas contribui\u00e7\u00f5es. Primeiro, mapeia a jornada procedimental do exportador e identifica pontos de fric\u00e7\u00e3o recorrentes (escopo, metodologia de emiss\u00f5es, verifica\u00e7\u00e3o, janelas de corre\u00e7\u00e3o, avalia\u00e7\u00f5es, penalidades e revis\u00e3o). Segundo, prop\u00f5e uma Matriz Procedimental de Tratamento Justo com salvaguardas m\u00ednimas em cada est\u00e1gio: notifica\u00e7\u00e3o, acesso \u00e0s provas, oportunidade de resposta e corre\u00e7\u00e3o, fundamenta\u00e7\u00e3o das decis\u00f5es, proporcionalidade sancionat\u00f3ria e recurso efetivo. Terceiro, oferece um conjunto de ferramentas de preven\u00e7\u00e3o de lit\u00edgios baseado em transpar\u00eancia, conformidade cooperativa, reconhecimento m\u00fatuo de verifica\u00e7\u00e3o, implementa\u00e7\u00e3o faseada e proporcionalidade. O quadro fornece orienta\u00e7\u00f5es acion\u00e1veis para conciliar ambi\u00e7\u00e3o ambiental com governan\u00e7a, legitimidade e participa\u00e7\u00e3o inclusiva no com\u00e9rcio internacional.<\/p><\/section><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Antonio Lopo Martinez<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Autores<\/h4>

Pablo Guerra – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2586-7175<\/p>

Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4><\/section>

Free Trade; Fair Trade; Economic Ethics.<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

In this article, we will discuss how the discourses and economic practices of commerce have been shaped around the ethical principles of liberty and justice. We will argue that from classical Aristotelian thought to the Renaissance, with particular importance given to what occurred in the Middle Ages, there was a strong interest in ethically regulating the rules of commerce according to social and religious norms. From the Renaissance onward, and especially with the advent of Modernity, freedoms, and more specifically the value of economic freedom, begin to be of fundamental importance in moving toward a less regulated economy, relying on the action of the ‘invisible hand’ (market system). Analyzing the context of the development of the history of ideas, we aim secondly to address the question of whether trade should then be fair or free. While some current schools of economic thought insist on the virtues of market self-regulation, other movements, rightly concerned with the consequences of a free-market international order, have raised the banners for fair trade. Within this debate, the author proposes that, for sustainable societies, trade should be as free as possible but always guided by criteria of social and environmental justice. In other words, to insist on the virtuous Polanyian idea of an economy embedded in society.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Pablo Guerra<\/p>

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Autor<\/h4>

Liliana Bertoni – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2255-1623<\/p>

Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4><\/section>

Development; Trade; Inclusion.<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

This article aims, in its first part, to analyze the different stages and the evolution of world trade. It then relates this development to the growth and formation of a new international society, highlighting the progress achieved by certain nations, particularly China, which has reorganized its role in the global economy through the expansion of its trade and has become a major world power today. At the same time, this article seeks to emphasize the convergence of two important variables that currently constitute a key driver of economic progress and development: free trade and fair trade. Their combination contributes significantly to the construction of inclusive economies, where economic growth can go hand in hand with social justice, environmental sustainability, and the reduction of inequalities. In conclusion, in line with the recipients of the 2024 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, we argue that it is inclusive institutions that foster prosperous economies and promote the overall well-being of the population.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Liliana Bertoni<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Autor\u00a0<\/h4>

Patr\u00edcia Ponte Bastos – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0461-300X<\/p>

Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4>

Acordos Comerciais Preferenciais; Trabalho; Normas Fundamentais do Trabalho.<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

Neste artigo procura-se ensaiar uma reflex\u00e3o cr\u00edtica acerca da rela\u00e7\u00e3o intr\u00ednseca, e historicamente controvertida, entre o com\u00e9rcio internacional e o trabalho e, em especial, acerca do modo como este bin\u00f3mio tem vindo a ser moldado atrav\u00e9s da celebra\u00e7\u00e3o de acordos comerciais preferenciais, designadamente pela Uni\u00e3o Europeia, com o objectivo de introduzir uma ideia de justi\u00e7a ou de com\u00e9rcio justo na arquitectura do sistema de com\u00e9rcio livre. Contrariamente ao que se constata no plano do sistema comercial multilateral do GATT\/OMC, em que inexiste qualquer norma consagradora de direitos do trabalho, no \u00e2mbito dos acordos comerciais preferenciais t\u00eam proliferado os cap\u00edtulos dedicados \u00e0 consagra\u00e7\u00e3o de normas laborais, cujas configura\u00e7\u00f5es, mas tamb\u00e9m as suas possibilidades e os seus limites, devem continuar a ser discutidos. O modelo dito \u201cpromocional\u201d de normas laborais adoptado pela Uni\u00e3o Europeia a partir do acordo comercial celebrado com a Rep\u00fablica da Coreia, em 2010, o qual integra um cap\u00edtulo \u00fanico dedicado ao \u201ccom\u00e9rcio e desenvolvimento sustent\u00e1vel\u201d, \u00e9 o exemplo a partir do qual se prop\u00f5e analisar o alcance destas normas e as perspectivas que podem ser abertas no sentido da protec\u00e7\u00e3o internacional dos direitos dos trabalhadores. A decis\u00e3o, de 2021, do painel de peritos constitu\u00eddo no \u00e2mbito deste acordo, analisada no final do presente artigo, parece poder desempenhar um papel relevante na interpreta\u00e7\u00e3o jur\u00eddica de tais disposi\u00e7\u00f5es.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Patr\u00edcia Ponte Bastos<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Autor\u00a0<\/h4>

Amon Elpidio da Silva – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1713-2846<\/p>

Melina Coelho Garcia – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7069-6531<\/p>

Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4><\/section>

Estudos Jur\u00eddicos Emp\u00edricos ; Acordo de Associa\u00e7\u00e3o UE-Mercosul; Barreiras N\u00e3o Tarif\u00e1rias;<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

O Princ\u00edpio da Precau\u00e7\u00e3o (PP), consagrado no Artigo 191(2) do Tratado sobre o Funcionamento da Uni\u00e3o Europeia (TFUE), evoluiu de uma diretriz ambiental para um princ\u00edpio geral do direito da UE. Nos \u00faltimos anos, a UE incorporou o PP aos cap\u00edtulos de Com\u00e9rcio e Desenvolvimento Sustent\u00e1vel (TSD) dos Acordos de Livre Com\u00e9rcio (ALCs), refor\u00e7ando o \u201cdireito de regular\u201d das partes em mat\u00e9ria de prote\u00e7\u00e3o ambiental e da sa\u00fade, mesmo em meio \u00e0 incerteza cient\u00edfica, quando um risco \u00e9 identificado. Contudo, o limiar de risco comparativamente mais baixo da UE pode gerar tens\u00f5es jur\u00eddicas com parceiros comerciais. Esta pesquisa examina a legitimidade da aplica\u00e7\u00e3o do PP pela UE nos ALCs, com foco no Acordo de Associa\u00e7\u00e3o UE-Mercosul. Investiga-se se as medidas precaut\u00f3rias promovem coopera\u00e7\u00e3o inclusiva ou se operam como barreiras n\u00e3o tarif\u00e1rias disfar\u00e7adas que prejudicam economias emergentes. Para responder a essa quest\u00e3o, o estudo adota uma metodologia emp\u00edrico-anal\u00edtica com abordagem jurim\u00e9trica. Por meio de an\u00e1lise de dados baseada em Python, avaliam-se ac\u00f3rd\u00e3os do Tribunal de Justi\u00e7a da Uni\u00e3o Europeia (TJUE), proferidos entre 2000 e 2023, extra\u00eddos da Base de Dados IUROPA CJEU, a fim de quantificar o rigor judicial interno aplicado ao PP. Essa an\u00e1lise estat\u00edstica contrasta a pr\u00e1tica judicial dom\u00e9stica relativamente contida da UE com sua atua\u00e7\u00e3o externa mais ampla na defini\u00e7\u00e3o de padr\u00f5es em ALCs. A pesquisa tamb\u00e9m considera decis\u00f5es pertinentes dos \u00d3rg\u00e3os de Solu\u00e7\u00e3o de Controv\u00e9rsias da Organiza\u00e7\u00e3o Mundial do Com\u00e9rcio para avaliar a percep\u00e7\u00e3o de unilateralismo no uso do PP. Os resultados demonstram que coopera\u00e7\u00e3o econ\u00f4mica inclusiva depende da redu\u00e7\u00e3o da lacuna entre o controle interno do TJUE e a aplica\u00e7\u00e3o externa, pela UE, de padr\u00f5es precaut\u00f3rios. Para haver um regime de com\u00e9rcio verdadeiramente justo, o PP deve ser implementado com reciprocidade judicial e transpar\u00eancia baseada em evid\u00eancias cient\u00edficas, assegurando, simultaneamente, prote\u00e7\u00e3o ambiental a rela\u00e7\u00f5es comerciais cooperativas.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Amon Elpidio da Silva, Melina Coelho Garcia<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Autores\u00a0<\/h4>

Graziela de Ara\u00fajo Modesto – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8100-4339<\/p>

Jo\u00e3o Paulo Modesto da Silva – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2327-9013<\/p>

Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4><\/section>

Acordo Mercosul\u2013Uni\u00e3o Europeia; Com\u00e9rcio Justo; Direito Internacional P\u00fablico.<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

O presente estudo adota m\u00e9todo jur\u00eddico-dogm\u00e1tico com abordagem interdisciplinar, articulando categorias do Direito Internacional P\u00fablico com elementos da economia pol\u00edtica internacional. A an\u00e1lise \u00e9 desenvolvida a partir da revis\u00e3o cr\u00edtica da doutrina especializada e do exame estrutural das disposi\u00e7\u00f5es do Acordo Mercosul\u2013Uni\u00e3o Europeia, com especial aten\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0s assimetrias produtivas e institucionais que caracterizam as rela\u00e7\u00f5es centro-periferia no com\u00e9rcio global. Trata-se de pesquisa de natureza anal\u00edtica e cr\u00edtico-estrutural, cujo objetivo n\u00e3o \u00e9 apenas descrever o conte\u00fado normativo do acordo, mas avaliar seus potenciais efeitos distributivos e institucionais. Partindo do entendimento de que a liberaliza\u00e7\u00e3o do com\u00e9rcio, embora potencialmente promova o crescimento econ\u00f4mico, n\u00e3o garante, por si s\u00f3, um desenvolvimento equitativo ou justi\u00e7a distributiva. Exemplificado na composi\u00e7\u00e3o dos fluxos comerciais entre os blocos, nesta pesquisa, destaca-se o dom\u00ednio de bens industriais de alto valor agregado entre as exporta\u00e7\u00f5es europeias e de produtos prim\u00e1rios entre as exporta\u00e7\u00f5es do Mercosul, \u00e0 luz da teoria estruturalista da CEPAL e da Teoria da Depend\u00eancia. Examina tamb\u00e9m a extraterritorialidade regulat\u00f3ria europeia, em particular no que diz respeito \u00e0 imposi\u00e7\u00e3o de normas ambientais e sanit\u00e1rias como condi\u00e7\u00f5es para o acesso ao mercado da Uni\u00e3o Europeia, interrogando sua legitimidade com base na extraterritorialidade \u201cimpura\u201d reconhecida como parte do Direito Internacional. Finalmente, s\u00e3o avaliados os impactos do acordo sobre comunidades vulner\u00e1veis, e s\u00e3o oferecidos caminhos para promover um com\u00e9rcio mais justo e sustent\u00e1vel. Conclui-se tamb\u00e9m que, como instrumento de desenvolvimento, o acordo s\u00f3 ser\u00e1 eficaz quando incorporar mecanismos vinculantes de prote\u00e7\u00e3o socioambiental, coopera\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9cnica e pol\u00edticas de agrega\u00e7\u00e3o de valor capazes de mitigar desigualdades estruturais hist\u00f3ricas.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Graziela de Ara\u00fajo Modesto, Jo\u00e3o Paulo Modesto da Silva<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Autor\u00a0<\/h4>

Anita Mattes – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9808-0525<\/p>

Naiara Posenato – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4261-5922<\/p>

Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4><\/section>

Indica\u00e7\u00f5es Geogr\u00e1ficas; Acordo EU-Mercosul; Desenvolvimento Territorial.<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar o regime jur\u00eddico das Indica\u00e7\u00f5es Geogr\u00e1ficas (IGs) no \u00e2mbito do Acordo de Parceria (EMPA) e do Acordo Comercial Interino (ITA) entre a Uni\u00e3o Europeia e o Mercosul, focando nas assimetrias institucionais entre os blocos e nos desafios de sua implementa\u00e7\u00e3o territorial. A metodologia adotada possui natureza qualitativa e car\u00e1ter explorat\u00f3rio, fundamentando-se em pesquisa bibliogr\u00e1fica para o levantamento de dados em legisla\u00e7\u00f5es, artigos cient\u00edficos e documentos oficiais. Como s\u00edntese das considera\u00e7\u00f5es finais, verifica-se um descompasso estrutural entre o reconhecimento jur\u00eddico das IGs e sua capacidade efetiva de produzir transforma\u00e7\u00e3o econ\u00f4mica nos territ\u00f3rios do Sul Global. O estudo conclui que a efic\u00e1cia do acordo depende da supera\u00e7\u00e3o da fragmenta\u00e7\u00e3o normativa do Mercosul e da constru\u00e7\u00e3o de uma governan\u00e7a territorial forte, sem as quais as IGs correm o risco de operar apenas como signos jur\u00eddicos formais com reduzido impacto no desenvolvimento regional.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Anita Mattes, Naiara Posenato<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Autores\u00a0<\/h4>

Yasmin de M\u00e9ro Omena – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8037-2469<\/p>

Pedro Augusto de Albuquerque – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2491-4320<\/p>

Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4><\/section>

Com\u00e9rcio Internacional de Arte; Patrim\u00f3nio Cultural; Acordo UE\u2013Mercosul.<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

O presente artigo analisa a prote\u00e7\u00e3o do patrim\u00f3nio cultural no contexto do com\u00e9rcio internacional de arte, com enfoque no paradigma entre livre circula\u00e7\u00e3o e soberania cultural no \u00e2mbito do Acordo Uni\u00e3o Europeia-Mercosul. A partir de metodologia jur\u00eddico-dogm\u00e1tica e comparativa, examinam-se os principais instrumentos internacionais aplic\u00e1veis, o regime da Uni\u00e3o Europeia realtivo \u00e0 exporta\u00e7\u00e3o, importa\u00e7\u00e3o e restitui\u00e7\u00e3o de bens culturais e o modelo brasileiro de tutela constitucional e infraconstitucional do patrim\u00f3nio cultural. A hip\u00f3tese central \u00e9 a de que o Acordo UE-Mercosul n\u00e3o imp\u00f5e uma harmoniza\u00e7\u00e3o plena dos regimes aplic\u00e1veis aos bens culturais, mas pode funcionar como plataforma de aproxima\u00e7\u00e3o regulat\u00f3ria m\u00ednima, assente em crit\u00e9rios de transpar\u00eancia, licenciamento, comprova\u00e7\u00e3o de proveni\u00eancia e coopera\u00e7\u00e3o administrativa. O artigo conclui que a exper\u00eancia europeia pode oferecer instrumentos procedimentais \u00fateis, desde que n\u00e3o seja aplicada de forma autom\u00e1tica para o Brasil, cujo regime jur\u00eddico responde a uma matriz constitucional, identit\u00e1ria e cultural pr\u00f3pria.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Yasmin de M\u00e9ro Omena, Pedro Augusto de Albuquerque<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Autores\u00a0<\/h4>

Leandro Rodrigues Lopes – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5695-1579<\/p>

Lucimara de Nazar\u00e9 Rodrigues Lopes de Freitas – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4949-3269<\/p>

Mayany Soares Salgado – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3495-2398<\/p>

Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4><\/section>

Com\u00e9rcio Justo; Uni\u00e3o Europeia; Justi\u00e7a Econ\u00f4mica; Honduras.<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

O presente estudo investiga a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre o movimento campesino e o com\u00e9rcio justo na Am\u00e9rica Latina, com foco nas experi\u00eancias desenvolvidas em Honduras e sua converg\u00eancia com as pol\u00edticas de sustentabilidade da Uni\u00e3o Europeia. Fundamentada na teoria gramsciana de hegemonia, a pesquisa examina como pr\u00e1ticas comerciais contra-hegem\u00f4nicas fortalecem a autonomia econ\u00f4mica e pol\u00edtica do campesinato, desafiando desigualdades estruturais do capitalismo global. O problema de pesquisa questiona de que modo o com\u00e9rcio justo opera como estrat\u00e9gia de resist\u00eancia e em que medida esse modelo atende aos crit\u00e9rios de justi\u00e7a econ\u00f4mica e remunera\u00e7\u00e3o digna valorizados nas rela\u00e7\u00f5es comerciais entre a Uni\u00e3o Europeia e a Am\u00e9rica Latina. A hip\u00f3tese central sustenta que o com\u00e9rcio justo, ao oferecer condi\u00e7\u00f5es equitativas e pre\u00e7os dignos, potencializa o empoderamento do produtor rural e funciona como mecanismo de conformidade com os novos padr\u00f5es de dilig\u00eancia devida e governan\u00e7a exigidos pelo mercado europeu. A metodologia adota abordagem qualitativa e explorat\u00f3ria, valendo-se de an\u00e1lise bibliogr\u00e1fica e documental para articular a resist\u00eancia local de lideran\u00e7as como Elvia Alvarado com os marcos normativos da coopera\u00e7\u00e3o birregional. Conclui-se que o com\u00e9rcio justo representa uma alternativa vi\u00e1vel que subverte a l\u00f3gica da explora\u00e7\u00e3o e promove a integra\u00e7\u00e3o soberana do campesinato hondurenho nas cadeias de valor globais, alinhando-se aos princ\u00edpios de solidariedade e desenvolvimento sustent\u00e1vel defendidos pela rede Jean Monnet.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Leandro Rodrigues Lopes, Lucimara de Nazar\u00e9 Rodrigues Lopes de Freitas, Mayany Soares Salgado<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Autores\u00a0<\/h4>

Fabricio Alejandro Machicado Borja – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9026-4954<\/p>

Vladimir Alejandro Machicado Borja – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6547-1245<\/p>

Edwin Alejandro Machicado Rocha – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7439-6835<\/p>

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Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4><\/section>

Agricultural Extractivism; Responsible Trade; EU \u2013 Latin America Relations.<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

This article analyzes the agroexport model of eastern Bolivia through the lens of agricultural extractivism and assesses its compatibility with the European Union\u2019s standards for responsible trade and environmental sustainability. Drawing on the case of the soy sector in Santa Cruz, the article examines how agricultural frontier expansion, driven by intensive natural capital exploitation and export – oriented accumulation, has deepened the regional climate crisis through massive deforestation and intensive agrochemical use, creating a growth pattern fundamentally incompatible with fair and sustainable trade principles. The study integrates agricultural extractivism theory with fair trade frameworks, global value chains, and private standards governance to evaluate the gap between Bolivia\u2019s productive model and the requirements of the European Green Deal (2019), the EU Deforestation Regulation, and the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive. The article argues that the transition toward responsible, long – term commercial relations between Latin America and the EU requires not only technical adaptations but structural transformations in value chain governance, value distribution mechanisms, and the inclusion of smallholders in environmental certification schemes.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Fabricio Alejandro Machicado Borja, Vladimir Alejandro Machicado Borja, Edwin Alejandro Machicado Rocha<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Autor\u00a0<\/h4>

Luis Gabriel Duchen – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4047-2423<\/p>

Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4><\/section>

Fair Trade; Legal Certainty; Constitutional Protection.<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

This article analyzes the procedural shortcomings of the Bolivian constitutional protection system\u2014specifically, the lack of mechanisms for protecting assets in the face of the delayed annulment of rulings issued by the Plurinational Constitutional Court\u2014as a structural obstacle to economic justice, social equilibrium, and fair and inclusive trade between Bolivia and the European Union. Using legal-dogmatic, comparative, and analytical-synthetic methods, it identifies a regulatory gap that causes irreparable financial harm to vulnerable economic actors, contradicting Bolivian constitutional principles and the governance standards required for EU-Latin America trade relations. This study proposes concrete steps for regulatory reform.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Luis Gabriel Duchen<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Artigos<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Autor\u00a0<\/h4>

Juan David Alarc\u00f3n Morales – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6679-0611<\/p>

Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4><\/section>

Mother Earth; Green Transition; Sustainable Societies.<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

In Latin America, only Bolivia and Ecuador have managed to enshrine the principles and objectives of the green transition in their constitutions, linked to the recognition of the rights of Mother Earth. This has broken with the genealogical structure of the Roman legal system and established a direct proportional relationship with the rights of indigenous peoples. They have succeeded in building a sustainable constitutionalism and jurisprudence aligned with the recognition of the rights of Mother Earth within the framework of “Living Well” (Buen Vivir). This framework grants the State powers to promote, protect, and defend the recognized rights to land and biodiversity. However, in practice, these rights clash with corporate interests that override their own and establish mechanisms of fragmentation that delay the implementation of these rights to the point of violating them, to the detriment of future generations. This situation creates a dilemma between the relevance of judicial decisions and the dynamics of development.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Juan David Alarc\u00f3n Morales<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Autor\u00a0<\/h4>

Cecilia Celeste Danesi – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0694-6887<\/p>

Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4><\/section>

Artificial intelligence; Latin America; digital divide, digital extractivism.<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) as a structuring force of the global economy poses challenges of particular urgency for Latin America and the Caribbean. This article analyzes the region’s position in relation to this technological transformation from three complementary dimensions. First, it examines the global economic impact of AI and its tendency to deepen existing asymmetries between advanced and developing economies. Second, drawing on the findings of the Latin American Artificial Intelligence Index (ILIA) 2025, jointly produced by ECLAC and Chile’s National Center for Artificial Intelligence, it analyzes the state of readiness of 19 countries in terms of infrastructure, talent, research, and governance. Third, it examines the resource paradox: Latin America holds strategic reserves of rare earths and lithium \u2014critical minerals for manufacturing the hardware that sustains AI\u2014 yet remains relegated to the role of raw material supplier, without capturing the value added from their processing. The article argues that this triple condition \u2014consumer of technology it does not develop, exporter of minerals it does not process, and absent from forums where global AI governance is defined\u2014 constitutes a new form of structural dependency. In response, it proposes a digital equity agenda organized around three axes: investment in sovereign computing infrastructure, mineral industrialization with value added, and ethical AI governance with reference to the European regulatory framework. The article concludes that AI can be either a tool of convergence or divergence for the region, and that the difference will depend on the policy decisions adopted in the coming years.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Cecilia Celeste Danesi<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Autor\u00a0<\/h4>

Belkacem Ghania – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0064-3711<\/p>

Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4><\/section>

Tr\u00e1fico de Seres Humanos; Redes criminosas; Prote\u00e7\u00e3o das v\u00edtimas.<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

Este estudo examina o tr\u00e1fico de seres humanos na Europa atrav\u00e9s das atividades de redes de crime organizado e do uso de plataformas de redes sociais, destacando conceitos-chave, tend\u00eancias estat\u00edsticas e estudos de caso comparativos entre a B\u00e9lgica e a Alemanha. O objetivo \u00e9 analisar a rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre as plataformas digitais e as redes criminosas na facilita\u00e7\u00e3o do tr\u00e1fico de seres humanos e avaliar a efic\u00e1cia da abordagem dupla da Uni\u00e3o Europeia, que combina um quadro legislativo com medidas pr\u00e1ticas. A metodologia inclui an\u00e1lise jur\u00eddica, utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de dados do Eurostat 2024 e estudos de caso comparativos, com foco nos m\u00e9todos de explora\u00e7\u00e3o, nas caracter\u00edsticas das v\u00edtimas e na utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de tecnologias digitais. Os resultados indicam uma forte liga\u00e7\u00e3o entre as plataformas digitais e as redes criminosas, com v\u00e1rias formas de explora\u00e7\u00e3o, incluindo explora\u00e7\u00e3o sexual, trabalho for\u00e7ado e explora\u00e7\u00e3o infantil. O estudo enfatiza a necessidade de uma estrat\u00e9gia europeia integrada que fortale\u00e7a a legisla\u00e7\u00e3o, a coordena\u00e7\u00e3o institucional, a prote\u00e7\u00e3o das v\u00edtimas e a supervis\u00e3o tecnol\u00f3gica para combater eficazmente a rede de tr\u00e1fico de seres humanos.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Belkacem Ghania<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Autor\u00a0<\/h4>

Antonio Jes\u00fas Calzado Llamas – https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2888-2696<\/p>

Palavras-chave:\u00a0<\/h4><\/section>

International Child Abduction; Refugee; Asylum.<\/p><\/section>

Resumo<\/h4>

The present paper aims to provide an overview on the interaction between proceedings on return of abducted children who, at the same time, are seeking for international protection on the abducting State. Due to the lack of a specific rule on coordination among the main international instruments, a systematic study of European an American case law and doctrine has been carried out on cases where both proceedings were held in parallel. From that analysis, it can be concluded that the existence on an application for asylum could affect either the qualification as wrongful of a child removal or retention or the existence of a ground for denying the return. Moreover, it generates certain controversy when it comes to suspend or not the return proceeding until the final ruling on asylum to avoid the risk of contradictory orders. This reinforces the need of an institutional development of concrete rules or practice guides.<\/p><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Antonio Jes\u00fas Calzado Llamas<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Latin American Journal of European Studies Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026): Latin American Journal of European Studies PUBLISHED: 2026-07-07 The Latin American Journal of European Studies (ISSN 2763-8685) is a publication of the Latin American Center of European Studies, currently supported by the Jean Monnet Network Policy Debate “BRIDGE Watch” […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":607,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-40977","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t